Objectivism is a philosophical system developed by Ayn Rand, a Russian-American philosopher and novelist. Objectivism is based on the idea that objective reality exists independent of human consciousness, and that reason is the only means of understanding that reality. According to Objectivism, individuals should act in their own rational self-interest, pursue their own happiness, and respect the rights of others to do the same. Objectivists believe that individual rights are absolute and that the role of government should be strictly limited to protecting those rights. Objectivism also emphasizes the importance of productive work, individual achievement, and personal responsibility. Objectivism has been criticized for its emphasis on self-interest, its rejection of altruism, and its idealization of individualism. However, it has also been praised for its defense of reason, individual rights, and capitalism.